Vol. 2 No. 10 (2025)

Review Article

Policy–space interactions in urban and regional development: A systematic review with a focus on policy spatial footprints

Published 2025-11-30

  • Mado Nakamura

Mado Nakamura
University College London image/svg+xml

Abstract

Amid slowing urbanisation, tightening climate constraints and growing fiscal pressures, the spatial consequences of public policy have become a central concern in urban and regional research. Yet most empirical studies still represent policy exposure with coarse buffers, administrative units or stylised scenarios, which makes it difficult to disentangle the effects of overlapping instruments and governance arrangements. This review synthesises peer-reviewed work published mainly between 2020 and 2025 that explicitly links public policies—particularly land-use regulation, transport and mobility interventions, environmental and climate policies, and selected social and health measures—to spatially explicit outcomes such as land prices, urban form, emissions and socio-spatial inequality. Drawing on Web of Science and Scopus searches complemented by targeted snowballing, we retain studies that (i) conceptualise policy as a spatially delimited intervention and (ii) employ explicit spatial indicators of exposure and outcome. Within this corpus, the Policy Spatial Footprint (PSF) framework is highlighted as one representative approach that converts legal and planning clauses into auditable geometries with time stamps and intensity levels and, in the Yangtze River Delta case, combines network-time exposure with staggered difference-in-differences models to identify land-value capitalisation effects. Across domains, we find persistent sectoral fragmentation, short time horizons and a marked geographical bias towards large cities in Europe, North America and China, with small cities, peri-urban areas and the Global South under-represented. Methodologically, recent studies advance spatial econometrics, quasi-experimental designs, remote sensing and digital-twin infrastructures, but open, standardised spatial policy datasets remain rare. The review proposes a policy–space–outcome framework anchored by PSF, outlines priorities for multi-scale causal designs, open PSF repositories and comparative governance research, and argues that integrating resilience, justice and digitalisation is essential for evaluating how policy packages shape spatial development trajectories.

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