Tea Culture and Social Representation in the Southern Song: A Study of Liu Songnian’s Tea Paintings
Abstract
During the Southern Song period (1127–1279), the relocation of the capital to the south and the concurrent shift of economic power led to the flourishing of tea culture. Tea emerged as both a vital symbol of cultural refinement and an integral component of economic and social life across various strata of society. The tea-themed paintings of Liu Songnian serve as visual representations of this cultural phenomenon, embodying not only exceptional artistic techniques but also distinct social narrative functions. This study undertakes a systematic analysis of Liu Songnian’s tea paintings from both artistic and socio-cultural perspectives. On the artistic level, it focuses on the stylistic characteristics reflected in compositional arrangement, the depiction of figures in motion, and attention to detail. On the social level, it explores how the paintings portray interactions among individuals of varied social roles—such as literati, monks, and attendants—revealing the complexities of Southern Song social structures and the richness of its cultural life. By comprehensively examining Liu Songnian’s tea paintings, this article aims to uncover their embedded cultural meanings and to deepen our understanding of tea culture’s multifaceted role in Southern Song society—ranging from interpersonal communication and economic activity to broader processes of cultural transmission.
Keywords
Liu Songnian's tea paintings, Tea culture, Social culture of the Southern Song
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