Vol. 2 No. 2 (2026)

Research Articles

The Witchcraft of Language: The Belief Basis and Social Control Function of Chinese Folk Abusive Language and Invectives

Published 2026-02-28

  • Zhenyu Qin
    • ,
  • Zijun Zhao

Zhenyu Qin
Zhuhai College of Science and Technology

Zijun Zhao
Zhuhai College of Science and Technology

Abstract

Curse-based invectives are a linguistic phenomenon deeply embedded in folk daily life. Their underlying mechanisms extend beyond mere emotional venting to en-compass a form of "verbal sorcery" rooted in traditional belief systems, as well as informal social control techniques. Studying them from a folklore perspective can unravel the mystery of why such curses carry strong psychological deterrence and normative power. Research finds that their efficacy is built upon three interconnected belief systems: the faith in the power of spoken words (kotodama), sympathetic magic, and a worldview centered on the netherworld. In terms of function, they participate deeply in the construction and maintenance of social order within folk communities through three path-ways: ethical discipline, conflict mediation, and psychological compensation. By interpreting curse-based invectives as a kind of "linguistic sorcery," this study offers a new micro-perspective for understanding the cultural logic of Chinese folk society.

Keywords

curse, invective, verbal sorcery, folk belief, folklore, sympathetic magic

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